Confused about command line options for Linux mkfs I am formatting a new drive on Ubuntu 20.04, and I am at the step where I format the drive to ext4. One article (https://linuxize.com/post/fdisk-command-in-linux/) says to do this: sudo mkfs.ext4 -F /dev/sdb1 The article doesn’t say what the -F option is, and there is no -F …
Linux + is it correct to create volume using LVM over physical disks when disks size are huge Our Goal is to use huge storage as 200TB for Kafka machine In order to achieve this Goal , we create volume using LVM over 4 physical disks in RAID10 , when each disk size is 50T …
How to make Linux read partition table in a partition? I have a (GPT-partitioned) disk, for example /dev/sda. /dev/sda8 is a partition on that disk. I used the cfdisk utility to create a GPT table with few partitions in /dev/sda8. I expected these partitions to become available via something like /dev/sda8p1. But Linux did not …
Recovering an ext4 partition I have an external drive with an ext4 partition /dev/sda1 I use for my local borg backups. It is simply plugged in via usb port, and, mounted with an fstab generated systemd automount entry. I ran a backup yesterday in the evening without any errors, and this morning, I plugged it …
Is it safe to use /dev/disk/by-id/ instead of /dev/sda? I am currently using a simple way to back up the drive dd if=/dev/sda of=/dev/sdb. However, before each operation, I have to check fdisk -l to see if sda and sdb have been swapped during boot. This is quite inconvenient and error prone. Is using symbolic …
Disk size is variable I was flashing a new operating system to a device, but after the process was complete, I couldn’t boot into it. I then checked the disk, and I noticed something strange. Different tools report different sizes for the disk, even though it should be approximately 120GB in size. So, I decided …
Is it important to delete GPT/MBR labels before reformatting/repartitioning? I’ve seen some disk formatting/partitioning discussions that mention destroying existing GPT/MBR data structures as a first step: sgdisk –zap-all /dev/nvme0n1 I wasn’t previously aware of this, and when I’ve set up a disk, I’ve generally used: parted –script –align optimal /dev/nvme0n1 — mklabel gpt mkpart ESP …
How to combine two partitions? I installed Linux Mint in a dual boot alongside Windows 11, however now I am trying to get completely rid off Windows 11, however I haven’t been able to combine the two partitions that I used for personal data storage (one of them is empty, so no need of keeping …
ubuntu–vg-ubuntu–lv and vgdisplay give different sizes for different commands Even though the disk size is 221.57 GiB and there is no unallocated disk space and /dev/mapper/ubuntu–vg-ubuntu–lv gives only 98G where did the rest go? output of: fdisk -l /dev/sda Disk /dev/sda: 223.58 GiB, 240065183744 bytes, 468877312 sectors Disk model: SanDisk SSD PLUS Units: sectors of …
Problems with re-sizing a partition in 20.04 I’m running an Ubuntu 20.04 LTS VM in Hyper-V. I recently resized a VHDX disk from 15GB to 100GB. Then I tried to use parted and resizepart 1 100%. After that nothing had really change. df -h: Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on udev 3,9G 0 3,9G …
Accidentally deleted the device node /dev/sda1 I was cleaning up my system and obviously got a little carried away. I ended up running: sudo rm -rf /dev/sda1. I can still see it running lsblk and df -h that /dev/sda1 is mounted on /, however it does not exists as special device under /dev/. I can’t …
Ubuntu gives message "Welcome to emergency mode !", fsck just says "clean" There were 3 disk drives on the server, but one failed with input/output error and is not recoverable. When trying to boot with the remaining 2 drives, I get: Welcome to emergency mode! After logging in, type "journalctl -xb" to view system logs, …
What's the small 1M partition that goes before the EFI partition? I’m seeing that all my EFI disks have a 1M partition that goes just before the the EFI partition: Device Start End Sectors Size Type /dev/sda1 34 2047 2014 1007K BIOS boot /dev/sda2 2048 1050623 1048576 512M EFI System /dev/sda3 1050624 … I have …
convert MAJ:MIN – device numbers to real disks names from sar command on saX file we can get the disks utilization as the follwing sar -d -f /var/log/sa/sa18 | grep Average Average: dev8-0 1.24 0.00 150.06 121.40 0.04 30.40 4.72 0.58 Average: dev253-0 0.32 0.00 3.75 11.83 0.01 17.95 3.48 0.11 Average: dev253-1 0.00 0.00 …
Which "size" file should I use to get the disk size? My disk is sda and I have these size files: /sys/dev/block/8:0/size /sys/class/block/sda/size /sys/block/sda/size Which one should I use? The first one is used by lsblk. Are there any differences? Asked By: zomega || Source Check out ls -l /sys/dev/block/8:0 /sys/class/block/sda /sys/block/sda You’ll see that …
Restoring OS image after performing disk encryption I have an Ubuntu 20.04 system which is already in use and requires to have its disk encrypted. I have reviewed some methods to perform encryption after installation. But the general suggestion has been that it is easier to backup data, perform a new installation and restore data. …
what does %util mean in iostat command output? if it is 100%, can we add more workload on it? recently I was asked this question during a phone interview. I know that iostat command can be used to check disk performance in Linux. But I am not sure how to answer this question. Does this …
What does the 5th column mean in the lsscsi output? List SCSI devices in my os: debian@debian:~$ lsscsi [0:0:0:0] disk ATA ST500DM002-1BD14 KC66 /dev/sda [1:0:0:0] disk ATA WDC WD2500AAKX-0 1H15 /dev/sdb [4:0:0:0] disk ATA ST1000VX000 SC23 /dev/sdc [9:0:0:0] disk Innostor Innostor 1.00 /dev/sdd What does the 5th column mean in the lsscsi output? debian@debian:~$ lsscsi …
Is there a way to replace a magic superblock? Following instructions from the Internet (Without doing research first) I have blanked out the superblock on the incorrect RAID disk. Using this command; sudo mdadm –zero-superblock /dev/sdd Now when I try to assemble the array I get this error; mdadm: No super block found on /dev/sdd …
Which disks does "sync" synchronize? The man page of sync can be found on die.net. I wonder if it only synchronizes the disk of my current working directory (cwd) or all disks? The man page does not say anything about it. Asked By: somega || Source The sync utility is mostly a wrapper around the …
