First 32GB of a 4TB ext4 filesystem overwritten. How to recover?

Due to an accident specifying a block device, the first 32GB of a 4TB ext4 filesystem on a SATA disk was overwritten by the dd command with the contents of a USB flash drive.

fdisk -l /dev/sda reports the following:

Disk /dev/sda: 3.7 TiB, 4000787030016 bytes, 7814037168 sectors
Units: sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes
Disklabel type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xeaad24fe

Device     Boot   Start      End  Sectors  Size Id Type
/dev/sda1          2048  8388607  8386560    4G  6 FAT16
/dev/sda2       8388608 73924607 65536000 31.3G 83 Linux

parted shows the following:

GNU Parted 3.5
Using /dev/sda
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted) print                                                            
Model: ATA ST4000NM0165 (scsi)
Disk /dev/sda: 4001GB
Sector size (logical/physical): 512B/4096B
Partition Table: msdos
Disk Flags: 

Number  Start   End     Size    Type     File system  Flags
 1      1049kB  4295MB  4294MB  primary  ext4
 2      4295MB  37.8GB  33.6GB  primary

Side Note: I’m not sure why parted thinks the file system is ext4 while fdisk shows it as FAT16, but it could possibly be related to the fsck that I tried to run before understanding what had happened. I attempted to run "e2fsck /dev/sda1", and answered yes to the following question:

Superblock has an invalid journal (inode 8).
Clear<y>? yes

It then came back with the statement that the partition size didn’t match the physical size, and it was at that point I stopped without proceeding further. (I apologize I don’t have the full text of my aborted attempt with fsck. I retyped the above from memory, and I only answered yes once.)

This is what used to be on the disk:

This disk was originally auto-partitioned+formatted by the installer of Ubuntu 18.04. It was an ext4 filesystem, with a single partition, sda1, that took the entire drive. There is a separate, NVME drive that is the system partition, and this disk was configured as a secondary data disk. The parameters will be whatever the Ubuntu 18.04 installer would have selected as the defaults in this instance.

I understand any data in the first 32GB of this disk is irretrievably lost. But the data on this disk is critically important. Is there any way to recover what was on the remaining 99% of the drive?

Can someone recommend steps that would allow me to recreate the original filesystem?

Edit: gdisk -l /dev/sda shows the following:

GPT fdisk (gdisk) version 1.0.5

Caution: invalid main GPT header, but valid backup; regenerating main header
from backup!

Warning: Invalid CRC on main header data; loaded backup partition table.
Warning! Main and backup partition tables differ! Use the 'c' and 'e' options
on the recovery & transformation menu to examine the two tables.

Warning! Main partition table CRC mismatch! Loaded backup partition table
instead of main partition table!

Warning! One or more CRCs don't match. You should repair the disk!
Main header: ERROR
Backup header: OK
Main partition table: ERROR
Backup partition table: OK

Partition table scan:
  MBR: MBR only
  BSD: not present
  APM: not present
  GPT: damaged

Found valid MBR and corrupt GPT. Which do you want to use? (Using the
GPT MAY permit recovery of GPT data.)
 1 - MBR
 2 - GPT
 3 - Create blank GPT